Course

Circuits for Analog System Design

Indian Institute of Science Bangalore

This course provides a comprehensive introduction to the design and application of linear integrated circuits (ICs) for analog systems. Key topics include:

  • Design and error budget analysis of signal conditioners for low-level AC and DC applications.
  • Instrumentation techniques such as autozero, chopper, isolation, and charge amplifiers.
  • Active filter design and high-frequency circuit applications.
  • Multi-channel data acquisition systems utilizing ADC/DAC, SHA, and analog multiplexers.
  • Low power circuit design for transducers.

Through various modules, participants will delve into transistor amplifiers, temperature controllers, error budgeting, current transmitter design, resistance measurement techniques, and ADC designs.

Course Lectures
  • Mod-01 Lec-01 Transistor Amplifier
    Prof. M.K. Gunasekaran

    This module delves into the fundamentals of transistor amplifiers, focusing on their configurations, biasing techniques, and applications in electronic circuits. Students will explore:

    • Common emitter, common collector, and common base configurations.
    • Transistor parameters such as gain, input and output impedances.
    • Applications in signal amplification and processing.
    • The impact of different biasing methods on performance.

    By the end of this module, learners will gain a solid understanding of how transistor amplifiers function and how they are utilized in real-world electronic systems.

  • This module focuses on the design and functionality of transistor-based operational amplifiers and voltage regulators. Key aspects include:

    • Understanding the operational principles of op-amps.
    • Design techniques for voltage regulators using transistors.
    • Applications of op-amps in signal conditioning.
    • Analysis of feedback mechanisms in voltage regulation.

    Students will engage with practical examples to solidify their knowledge of these essential electronic components.

  • This module introduces various applications of transistors, highlighting their versatility in electronic systems. Topics covered include:

    • Transistor switching applications.
    • Signal modulation and demodulation techniques.
    • Transistors in amplifiers and oscillators.
    • Real-world examples of transistor applications.

    By the end of this module, students will understand how transistors are applied in different circuits and their importance in modern electronics.

  • This module continues the exploration of transistor applications, providing in-depth coverage of additional practical uses. Topics include:

    • Transistors in audio and RF applications.
    • Integration of transistors in mixed-signal circuits.
    • Challenges and solutions in transistor applications.
    • Evaluation and testing methods for transistor circuits.

    Students will learn to identify and implement transistor solutions in various domains.

  • This module covers transformer design principles and the importance of heat sinks in electronic applications. Key topics include:

    • Basic transformer theory and design equations.
    • Selection of core materials and winding techniques.
    • Heat sink design considerations for thermal management.
    • Practical examples of transformer applications in circuits.

    Students will develop practical skills in designing transformers and ensuring efficient heat dissipation in electronic devices.

  • This module focuses on the design of linear voltage regulators using operational amplifiers. The content includes:

    • Operational principles of linear voltage regulation.
    • Design techniques for stable output voltage.
    • Analysis of load and line regulation effects.
    • Practical applications and troubleshooting tips.

    Students will gain hands-on experience in designing effective linear voltage regulators suitable for various applications.

  • This module covers short circuit protection mechanisms for linear power supplies. Important topics include:

    • Understanding short circuit conditions and their impacts.
    • Designing protection circuits to prevent damage.
    • Analyzing different protection methods.
    • Implementation of protection circuits in real-world applications.

    Students will learn to create reliable power supply designs that include effective short circuit protection features.

  • This module emphasizes the design of temperature indicators using operational amplifiers. Key components of the module include:

    • Principles of temperature sensing and measurement.
    • Op-amp configurations for temperature indicators.
    • Calibration techniques for accurate readings.
    • Practical applications and case studies.

    By the end of this module, students will be skilled in designing reliable temperature measurement systems.

  • This module focuses on the design of on-and-off temperature controllers. Important content includes:

    • Basic principles of temperature control systems.
    • Design considerations for on-off control mechanisms.
    • Applications in industrial and home automation.
    • Evaluation of performance and efficiency.

    Students will develop skills in designing effective temperature control solutions tailored to various scenarios.

  • This module covers the design of proportional temperature controllers. Key elements include:

    • Understanding proportional control principles.
    • Design techniques for maintaining temperature setpoints.
    • Case studies of proportional controllers in action.
    • Challenges and solutions in controller designs.

    Students will learn to create proportional controllers that enhance temperature regulation accuracy in various applications.

  • This module addresses the design of PID temperature controllers, focusing on their structure and functionality. Key aspects include:

    • Components of PID control: proportional, integral, and derivative actions.
    • Design strategies for optimizing PID performance.
    • Applications of PID controllers in various industries.
    • Troubleshooting common issues in PID control systems.

    Students will be equipped to design and implement effective PID controllers tailored to specific temperature control needs.

  • This module discusses heater drives for various types of temperature controllers. Key topics include:

    • Understanding heater drive principles and requirements.
    • Designing heater drives for efficiency and reliability.
    • Applications in different temperature control systems.
    • Evaluation of heater drive performance metrics.

    Students will learn to design heater drives that meet the demands of diverse temperature control applications.

  • This module covers short circuit protection for power MOSFETs, emphasizing protection mechanisms and design considerations. Key topics include:

    • Understanding the operation and limitations of power MOSFETs.
    • Designing effective short circuit protection circuits.
    • Evaluating the performance of protection solutions.
    • Case studies and real-world applications of MOSFET protection.

    Students will gain practical skills in safeguarding power MOSFETs in electronic designs.

  • This module addresses error budgeting for temperature indicators, focusing on methods for quantifying errors. Key points include:

    • Understanding the concept of error budgeting in electronics.
    • Identifying sources of error in temperature indicators.
    • Methods for calculating and mitigating errors.
    • Real-world implications of error budgeting in design.

    Students will develop strategies to enhance the accuracy and reliability of temperature measurement systems through effective error budgeting.

  • This module discusses PID temperature controllers with a focus on error budgeting. Key elements include:

    • Understanding PID control and its components.
    • Integrating error budgeting into PID design.
    • Case studies demonstrating effective error budgeting.
    • Practical applications in industrial settings.

    Students will learn to design PID controllers that incorporate error budgeting for improved performance.

  • This module focuses on error budgeting for constant current sources. Important topics include:

    • Understanding constant current sources and their applications.
    • Identifying potential error sources in design.
    • Calculating and mitigating errors to improve performance.
    • Case studies of constant current sources in practice.

    Students will gain insights into enhancing the accuracy of constant current sources through effective error budgeting techniques.

  • This module addresses error budgeting for thermocouple amplifiers, emphasizing accuracy and reliability. Key aspects include:

    • Understanding thermocouples and their amplification needs.
    • Identifying error sources specific to thermocouple amplification.
    • Methods for calculating and compensating errors.
    • Applications of error budgets in thermocouple designs.

    Students will learn to effectively manage errors in thermocouple amplifier designs to ensure accurate temperature measurements.

  • This module discusses error budgeting for operational amplifier circuits, focusing on calculation techniques and sources of error. Key points include:

    • Understanding the operational amplifier's role in circuits.
    • Identifying potential error sources in op-amp designs.
    • Calculating total error and its impact on performance.
    • Strategies for reducing errors in op-amp applications.

    Students will become proficient in managing errors in operational amplifier circuits to enhance their effectiveness in various applications.

  • This module emphasizes gain error calculation in operational amplifier circuits, addressing the importance of accurate gain settings. Key topics include:

    • Understanding gain error and its implications in circuits.
    • Methods for calculating gain error in op-amp designs.
    • Real-world examples of gain error effects on performance.
    • Strategies for minimizing gain error in applications.

    Students will learn to effectively manage gain errors in operational amplifier circuits to ensure design reliability and accuracy.

  • This module covers input resistance calculations for operational amplifiers, detailing their significance in circuit design. Key content includes:

    • Understanding input resistance and its role in circuit performance.
    • Methods for calculating input resistance in op-amp configurations.
    • Impact of input resistance on signal integrity.
    • Real-world applications and considerations in design.

    Students will develop skills in accurately calculating and applying input resistance in various operational amplifier applications.

  • This module focuses on the output resistance calculations for operational amplifiers (op-amps), which are critical in understanding their performance in various circuit configurations. Students will learn:

    • The importance of output resistance in circuit design.
    • Methods for calculating output resistance in different configurations.
    • Impact of output resistance on stability and linearity.

    By the end of this module, students will be equipped to analyze and optimize op-amp circuits effectively.

  • This module introduces the concept of error budgeting in circuit design. Error budgeting is essential for ensuring that the performance of circuits meets the required specifications. Key topics include:

    • Identifying various sources of error in circuits.
    • Methods to quantify and minimize these errors.
    • Application of error budgeting principles to different circuit types.

    Students will learn how to implement effective error budgeting strategies to enhance the reliability of their designs.

  • This module covers the design principles for 4-20 mA current transmitters, commonly used in industrial applications for transmitting analog signals. Key learning points include:

    • Understanding the 4-20 mA standard and its advantages.
    • Design considerations for signal conditioning and transmission.
    • Real-world applications and troubleshooting of current transmitters.

    Students will gain practical skills necessary for designing reliable current transmitters for various applications.

  • This module focuses on error budgeting specifically for 4-20 mA current transmitters. Understanding the error sources and their impact on system performance is crucial. Topics to cover include:

    • Identifying potential error sources in current transmitter circuits.
    • Developing strategies to minimize these errors.
    • Utilizing error budgets to enhance overall system reliability.

    Students will develop skills to create effective error budgets that ensure the performance of their current transmitter designs.

  • This module explores LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer) based current transmitters, focusing on their design and application. Students will learn about:

    • The principles of LVDT operation and its benefits.
    • Design parameters for creating effective LVDT current transmitters.
    • Applications in various industrial settings.

    Practical examples will be utilized to illustrate the design process and expected outcomes.

  • This module covers the design of constant current sources, which are fundamental in various electronic circuits. Topics include:

    • Concepts and principles of constant current sources.
    • Design techniques for achieving stable current output.
    • Applications of constant current sources in real-world scenarios.

    Students will engage in hands-on activities to design and test their own constant current sources.

  • This module discusses the design of 4-20 mA based temperature transmitters, which are critical in industrial temperature monitoring. Students will explore:

    • Temperature sensor types and their integration with current transmitters.
    • Design factors affecting accuracy and response time.
    • Calibration procedures for effective temperature measurement.

    Through practical examples, students will learn to create reliable temperature transmitters for various applications.

  • This module introduces the concepts of 3-wire current transmitters, illustrating their design and implementation. Key aspects include:

    • Understanding the 3-wire configuration and its benefits.
    • Design considerations for noise reduction and accuracy.
    • Applications in various measurement systems.

    Students will gain hands-on experience in designing and testing 3-wire current transmitter circuits.

  • This module covers various resistance measurement techniques, focusing on their principles and applications. Topics include:

    • Different methods for measuring resistance in circuits.
    • Techniques to enhance measurement accuracy.
    • Applications in practical electronic systems.

    Students will be engaged in laboratory exercises to apply what they learn in real-world situations.

  • This module introduces the ratio transformer technique for measuring resistance and capacitance. Students will learn about:

    • Theoretical foundations of the ratio transformer method.
    • Practical applications in resistance and capacitance measurements.
    • Advantages of using ratio transformers in electronic circuits.

    Hands-on experiences will be provided to enhance understanding of the technique.

  • This module presents examples of capacitive sensor circuit designs, emphasizing their applications in various fields. Key learning points include:

    • Understanding the principles of capacitive sensing.
    • Design considerations for capacitive sensor circuits.
    • Real-world applications and challenges in design.

    Students will engage in projects to create their own capacitive sensor circuits.

  • This module discusses the design of capacitive sensor circuits with high impedance amplifiers, which are crucial for accurate measurements. Topics include:

    • Understanding high impedance amplifiers and their role in sensor circuits.
    • Design strategies for integrating capacitive sensors with amplifiers.
    • Applications and case studies demonstrating successful designs.

    Students will have opportunities to design and test their own circuits using high impedance amplifiers.

  • This module focuses on AC applications of op-amps and the design of lock-in amplifiers, which are essential for extracting signals from noise. Key topics include:

    • Basic principles and configurations of op-amps in AC applications.
    • Understanding lock-in amplifiers and their significance.
    • Design considerations for effective lock-in amplifier circuits.

    Students will engage in practical exercises to design and implement lock-in amplifiers.

  • This module provides in-depth examples of designing lock-in amplifier circuits, including the theoretical background and practical implementations. Students will explore:

    • Key components and their functions in lock-in amplifier circuits.
    • Step-by-step design processes and calculations.
    • Real-world applications and troubleshooting tips.

    Hands-on projects will allow students to build and test their own lock-in amplifiers.

  • This module covers the design of Dual Slope ADCs, providing students with insights into their operation and applications. Key topics include:

    • The principle of Dual Slope ADC operation.
    • Design considerations for building effective Dual Slope ADC circuits.
    • Applications in various fields and their advantages.

    Students will participate in hands-on projects to design and test Dual Slope ADC circuits.

  • This module introduces the concept of Successive Approximation ADCs, comparing them with Dual Slope ADCs. Key aspects include:

    • The operational principles of Successive Approximation ADCs.
    • Comparison of performance between Dual Slope and Successive Approximation ADCs.
    • Design techniques for implementing these ADCs.

    Students will engage in practical design projects to reinforce their learning.

  • Mod-08 Lec-37 MC based ADC
    Prof. M.K. Gunasekaran

    This module discusses MC (Microcontroller) based ADCs, emphasizing their integration with microcontrollers for data acquisition. Key learning points include:

    • Understanding the architecture of MC based ADCs.
    • Design practices for interfacing ADCs with microcontrollers.
    • Applications and case studies in data acquisition systems.

    Students will gain hands-on experience in designing and implementing MC based ADC circuits.

  • This module delves into digital-to-analog converter (DAC) design and working principles, including Flash ADCs. Students will explore:

    • The fundamental concepts behind DAC operation.
    • Design strategies for effective DAC implementation.
    • Understanding Flash ADCs and their role in digital signal processing.

    Practical case studies will enhance the learning experience in DAC and ADC technologies.

  • This module addresses the common errors associated with Flash ADCs and other ADC types. Key points of discussion include:

    • Identifying sources of error in ADC circuits.
    • Strategies for minimizing these errors in design.
    • Real-world implications of ADC errors on system performance.

    Students will learn to analyze and mitigate errors in their ADC designs through practical examples.

  • This module introduces the principles of Sigma-Delta ADCs, which are widely used in high-resolution applications. Key topics include:

    • The operational mechanism of Sigma-Delta ADCs.
    • Advantages of using Sigma-Delta converters in signal processing.
    • Design considerations for implementing Sigma-Delta ADCs.

    Students will engage in projects to design and test Sigma-Delta ADC circuits.