Course

Computer Sc - Introduction to Computer Graphics

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

This course, titled "Introduction to Computer Graphics," is designed to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the concepts and techniques used in computer graphics. The curriculum covers a wide range of topics, ensuring a robust foundation in both theoretical and practical aspects of the field.

Throughout the course, students will engage with various modules that include:

Raster Graphics: Understanding pixel-based images and their manipulation.
Clipping Techniques: Learning how to manage objects within a defined viewport.
Transformations: Exploring the processes of translating, rotating, and scaling objects in 2D and 3D space.
Curves and Surfaces: Delving into the mathematical representations of curves and surfaces, essential for realistic modeling.
Rendering Techniques: Gaining insights into various rendering methods, including ray tracing, to produce visually appealing images.
Animation: Discovering the principles of motion in graphics to create dynamic visual content.

Students will also complete assignments to apply their knowledge practically, including an assignment focused on ray tracing, which is crucial for modern graphical applications. By the end of the course, participants will possess the skills needed to create and manipulate computer-generated images, setting a solid foundation for further exploration in the field of computer graphics.

Course Lectures

Lecture -1 Introduction
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module introduces the fundamental concepts of computer graphics, exploring the history and evolution of the field. Students will gain an understanding of how computer graphics are integrated into modern technology, including gaming, virtual reality, and animations.

The lecture will cover the basic principles and mathematical foundations necessary for creating and manipulating digital images. Students will be encouraged to think creatively about how graphics can enhance visual communication and storytelling.
Lecture-2 Raster Graphics
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module covers raster graphics, which form the basis of digital images. Students will learn about pixel-based image representation and manipulation. The lecture will delve into the technical aspects of raster images, including resolution, color depth, and file formats.

Students will gain practical experience in editing and creating raster graphics using software tools. The course will also discuss the advantages and limitations of raster graphics compared to vector graphics.
Lecture - 3 Raster Graphics (Contd.)
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module continues the exploration of raster graphics, focusing on advanced topics and techniques for image processing. Students will delve into more complex issues such as anti-aliasing, dithering, and filtering.

Through practical examples and exercises, the module will illustrate how these techniques can improve image quality and appearance. The lecture will also discuss the trade-offs involved in applying different image processing techniques.
Lecture - 4 Clipping
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module introduces the concept of clipping in computer graphics, a critical operation for rendering scenes efficiently. Students will learn how to eliminate parts of objects that fall outside a designated viewing area.

The lecture will cover various clipping algorithms and their implementations, such as Cohen-Sutherland and Liang-Barsky algorithms. Practical applications will demonstrate the significance of clipping in rendering pipelines.
Lecture -5 Polygon Clipping and Polygon Scan Conversion
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module explores polygon clipping and polygon scan conversion, essential techniques for rendering complex shapes. Students will understand how to clip polygons to fit within a rendering window and convert them for display.

The lecture will cover algorithms such as Sutherland-Hodgman and Weiler-Atherton, providing practical examples to illustrate their use. Students will gain hands-on experience in implementing these processes to improve rendering efficiency.
Lecture - 6 Transformations
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module covers transformations in computer graphics, focusing on manipulating objects in space for rendering purposes. Students will learn about different types of transformations, including translation, rotation, scaling, and shearing.

The lecture will provide mathematical foundations and practical applications, enabling students to implement transformations in various graphics projects. Understanding transformations is crucial for creating dynamic and interactive scenes.
Lecture - 7 Transformations (Contd.)
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module continues the exploration of transformations, delving deeper into advanced techniques and applications. Students will explore combined transformations and understand the importance of transformation order.

Practical examples will illustrate how transformations can be applied to complex models, enhancing realism and visual appeal. The lecture will also cover transformation matrices and their role in graphics programming.
Lecture - 8 3D Viewing
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module introduces the concept of 3D viewing in computer graphics, focusing on projecting three-dimensional objects onto a two-dimensional screen. Students will learn about various projection techniques, including orthographic and perspective projections.

The lecture will cover the mathematics behind these projections and their applications in different fields, such as gaming and simulation. Understanding 3D viewing is essential for creating immersive and realistic virtual environments.
Lecture - 9 3D Viewing (Contd.)
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module continues the exploration of 3D viewing, focusing on more advanced topics and techniques. Students will study depth cues, hidden surface removal, and lighting effects to enhance the realism of 3D scenes.

Practical exercises will demonstrate how these techniques can be applied to create visually appealing and interactive graphics. The lecture will also discuss the significance of camera positioning and movement in 3D rendering.
Lecture - 10 Curves
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module introduces the concept of curves in computer graphics, focusing on their mathematical representation and applications. Students will learn about different types of curves, such as Bezier and B-spline curves, and their use in modeling and animation.

The lecture will cover the principles of curve interpolation and approximation, providing practical examples to illustrate their use. Understanding curves is crucial for creating smooth and natural-looking animations.
Lecture - 11 Assignment 1
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module is dedicated to Assignment 1, where students will apply the concepts and techniques learned in previous lectures. The assignment will involve creating a project that demonstrates proficiency in raster graphics, transformations, and 3D viewing.

Students will be encouraged to think creatively and develop innovative solutions to the challenges presented in the assignment. This practical application will solidify their understanding and prepare them for more complex topics.
Lecture - 12 Curves
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module continues the exploration of curves, delving deeper into more advanced topics and applications. Students will study the mathematical foundations of curves and their role in creating complex models and animations.

The lecture will provide practical examples and exercises to illustrate how curves can be used to enhance visual realism and appeal. Students will gain hands-on experience in implementing curve-based techniques in various graphics projects.
Lecture - 13 Curves (Contd.)
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module continues the exploration of curves, focusing on more advanced techniques and applications. Students will learn about curve fitting and optimization, essential for creating precise and efficient models.

The lecture will cover practical examples and exercises that demonstrate how curve-based techniques can be applied to various graphics projects. Understanding these advanced concepts is crucial for developing high-quality graphics applications.
Lecture - 14 Curves (Contd.)
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module continues the exploration of curves, focusing on advanced mathematical techniques and their applications in graphics. Students will study curve manipulation and transformation, essential for creating dynamic and interactive models.

The lecture will provide practical examples and exercises to illustrate how these techniques can be applied to enhance visual realism and appeal. Understanding curve manipulation is critical for developing sophisticated graphics applications.
Lecture - 15 Curves (Contd.)
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module continues the exploration of curves, focusing on the most advanced techniques and their applications in graphics. Students will study curve blending and intersection, essential for creating complex and intricate models.

The lecture will provide practical examples and exercises to demonstrate how these techniques can be applied to various graphics projects. Understanding these advanced concepts is crucial for developing cutting-edge graphics applications.
Lecture - 16 Surfaces
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module introduces the concept of surfaces in computer graphics, focusing on their mathematical representation and applications. Students will learn about different types of surfaces, such as NURBS and subdivision surfaces, and their use in modeling and animation.

The lecture will cover the principles of surface interpolation and approximation, providing practical examples to illustrate their use. Understanding surfaces is crucial for creating realistic and detailed 3D models.
Lecture - 17 Surface (Contd.)
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module continues the exploration of surfaces, delving deeper into more advanced topics and applications. Students will study surface manipulation and transformation, essential for creating dynamic and interactive models.

The lecture will provide practical examples and exercises to illustrate how these techniques can be applied to enhance visual realism and appeal. Students will gain hands-on experience in implementing surface-based techniques in various graphics projects.
Lecture - 18 Surfaces (Contd.)
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module continues the exploration of surfaces, focusing on advanced techniques and their applications in graphics. Students will learn about surface fitting and optimization, crucial for creating precise and efficient models.

The lecture will cover practical examples and exercises that demonstrate how surface-based techniques can be applied to various graphics projects. Understanding these advanced concepts is essential for developing high-quality graphics applications.
Lecture - 19 Surfaces (Contd.)
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module continues the exploration of surfaces, concentrating on the most advanced techniques and their applications in graphics. Students will study surface blending and intersection, essential for creating complex and intricate models.

The lecture will provide practical examples and exercises to demonstrate how these techniques can be applied to various graphics projects. Understanding these advanced concepts is crucial for developing cutting-edge graphics applications.
Lecture - 20 Hierarchical Models
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module introduces the concept of hierarchical models in computer graphics, focusing on creating complex scenes through structured object organization. Students will learn about tree structures and how to manage objects in a hierarchy.

The lecture will cover the principles of hierarchical modeling, including parent-child relationships and transformations. Understanding hierarchical models is crucial for developing efficient and organized graphics applications.
Lecture - 21 Rendering
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module introduces the concept of rendering in computer graphics, focusing on techniques for generating high-quality images from 3D models. Students will learn about different rendering algorithms, including ray tracing and rasterization.

The lecture will cover the principles of rendering, providing practical examples and exercises to illustrate their use. Understanding rendering is crucial for creating visually appealing and realistic graphics applications.
Lecture - 22 Rendering (Contd.)
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module continues the exploration of rendering, focusing on advanced techniques and their applications in graphics. Students will learn about global illumination, shading, and texture mapping to enhance image quality.

The lecture will provide practical examples and exercises that demonstrate how these techniques can be applied to various graphics projects. Understanding these advanced concepts is essential for developing high-quality graphics applications.
Lecture - 23 Rendering (Contd.)
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module continues the exploration of rendering, concentrating on the most advanced techniques and their applications in graphics. Students will study advanced shading models and lighting techniques to create realistic and immersive scenes.

The lecture will provide practical examples and exercises to demonstrate how these techniques can be applied to various graphics projects. Understanding these advanced concepts is crucial for developing cutting-edge graphics applications.
Lecture - 24 Ray Tracing
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module covers the fundamentals of ray tracing, a critical technique in computer graphics for rendering images. Students will learn about:

The basic principles of ray tracing and its importance in graphics.

How rays are cast through a scene and interact with objects.

Shading models and how they affect the appearance of materials.

By the end of this module, students will have a foundational understanding of how ray tracing works and be prepared for more advanced topics in later lectures.
Lecture - 25 Ray Tracing (Contd.)
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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Building on the previous module, this session continues the exploration of ray tracing techniques. Key topics include:

Advanced ray tracing algorithms and their optimizations.

Handling reflections and refractions in complex scenes.

Performance considerations and trade-offs in rendering.

Students will engage in practical examples to solidify their understanding and apply these concepts in future assignments.
Lecture - 26 Ray Tracing (Contd.)
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This lecture continues the discussion on ray tracing, emphasizing its application in creating realistic images. The following will be covered:

Integrating various lighting models to enhance realism.

Exploring shadow generation techniques.

Case studies of ray tracing applications in film and games.

Students will complete exercises that apply these techniques in practical scenarios, enhancing their skills in image synthesis.
Lecture - 27 Assignment: Ray Tracing
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This assignment focuses on applying ray tracing concepts learned in previous modules. Students will:

Create a simple scene using ray tracing techniques.

Implement shading and lighting models to enhance the scene.

Document their process and results in a report.

This hands-on experience is essential for reinforcing theoretical knowledge through practical application.
Lec-28 Hidden Surface Elimination
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module introduces hidden surface elimination, a crucial topic in rendering scenes where only visible surfaces are displayed. Key topics include:

Understanding the necessity of hidden surface removal in 3D graphics.

Common algorithms used for hidden surface elimination, such as Z-buffering.

Practical implications for performance in rendering.

Students will gain insights into how these techniques impact the visual output of graphics applications.
Lecture -29 Hidden Surface Elimination (Contd.)
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This lecture continues the discussion on hidden surface elimination and explores more advanced techniques. Key areas of focus include:

Comparison of various hidden surface algorithms.

Practical applications of these techniques in video games and simulations.

Optimization strategies for improving rendering speed.

Students will have opportunities to analyze different algorithms and their effectiveness through practical exercises.
Lec-30 Hidden Surface Elimination(Contd.)
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module continues the exploration of hidden surface elimination, focusing on real-world applications and further optimizations. Topics include:

Integration of hidden surface techniques with ray tracing.

Challenges in complex scenes with multiple objects.

Real-world applications in CGI for movies and interactive media.

Students will work on projects that require them to implement these techniques in more complex environments.
Lec-31 Fractals
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module introduces the concept of fractals and their significance in computer graphics. Students will explore:

The mathematical foundation of fractals and their properties.

How fractals can be generated and rendered using algorithms.

Applications of fractals in nature and computer graphics.

Students will create simple fractal images and understand their underlying structures, enhancing their artistic and technical skills.
Lecture - 32 Fractals (Contd.)
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module continues the exploration of fractals, delving into more complex forms and their applications. Key topics include:

Advanced fractal generation techniques, such as Mandelbrot and Julia sets.

Using fractals for texture generation in 3D models.

Analyzing the artistic aspects of fractals in digital art.

Students will experiment with generating intricate fractal patterns and learn how they can enhance visual realism.
Lecture - 33 Computer Animation
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module focuses on computer animation, introducing students to the basics and principles of creating animated sequences. Key topics include:

The principles of animation, including timing and spacing.

Different animation techniques, including 2D and 3D animation.

Tools and software commonly used in the animation industry.

Students will create simple animations, applying learned principles, which will serve as a foundation for more complex projects.
Lecture - 34 Animation (Contd.)
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This lecture continues the exploration of animation, focusing on more advanced concepts and applications. Topics include:

Character rigging and movement dynamics.

Integrating sound and visual effects into animations.

Case studies of successful animations in film and video games.

Students will have opportunities to enhance their animations by adding depth through sound and effects.
Lecture - 35 Animation (Contd.)
Prof. Prem K Kalra

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This module concludes the series on computer animation, emphasizing finalization techniques and professional practices. Key points include:

Final editing and polishing of animations for presentation.

Understanding the workflow in animation production.

Exploration of career paths in the animation industry.

Students will present their completed animations, receiving feedback and insights into the animation process.