Course

Basic Thermodynamics

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

This course provides a thorough introduction to thermodynamics, covering essential concepts and laws through a structured outline:

  1. Introduction and Fundamental Concepts
  2. Zeroth Law and Fundamental Concepts
  3. Different Kind of Energy and First Law-I
  4. First Law - II, III
  5. Second Law and Its Corollaries - I, II, III, IV
  6. Second Law and Available Energy - I, II, III
  7. Thermodynamic Property Relations - I, II
  8. Joule-Kelvin Expansion: Properties of Pure Substances
  9. Properties of Pure Substances - I, II
  10. Properties of Pure Substances: Ideal Gases
  11. Properties of Ideal Gases
  12. Vapor Power Cycle - I, II, III, IV
  13. Gas Power Cycle - I, II

Each topic is presented through detailed lectures, enhancing understanding of thermodynamic principles and applications.

Course Lectures
  • This module introduces the fundamental concepts of thermodynamics, providing a solid foundation for understanding the subject. Key topics include:

    • The definition of thermodynamics and its relevance to engineering and science.
    • The importance of thermal energy and its role in various systems.
    • Basic laws governing thermodynamic processes.

    By the end of this module, students will be equipped to grasp the basic terminology and concepts that underpin the entire course.

  • This module delves into the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, which establishes the concept of temperature and thermal equilibrium. The key points covered include:

    1. Understanding temperature and its measurement.
    2. Exploring thermal equilibrium and its significance in thermodynamic processes.
    3. Applications of the Zeroth Law in real-world scenarios.

    Students will gain insight into how temperature is a fundamental parameter in thermodynamics, facilitating a deeper understanding of subsequent laws.

  • This module covers different types of energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics, which deals with the conservation of energy. Key topics include:

    • Understanding kinetic, potential, and internal energy.
    • The First Law of Thermodynamics and its mathematical formulation.
    • Examples of energy conservation in various processes.

    By the end of this module, students will be able to apply the First Law to analyze energy transfer in physical systems.

  • Lec-4 First Low-II
    Prof. S.K. Som

    In this module, students will continue their exploration of the First Law of Thermodynamics with a focus on more complex scenarios. Topics include:

    1. Applications of the First Law in closed and open systems.
    2. Heat transfer processes and work interactions.
    3. Real-world examples illustrating the principles of energy conservation.

    Students will solidify their understanding of energy interactions and apply the First Law to practical situations.

  • Lec-5 First Low-III
    Prof. S.K. Som

    This module introduces the Second Law of Thermodynamics, exploring its implications and corollaries. Key content includes:

    • Understanding the concept of entropy and its significance.
    • Examining various corollaries of the Second Law.
    • Applications of the Second Law in real-world scenarios.

    Students will appreciate the limitations imposed by the Second Law on energy conversions and the concept of irreversibility in natural processes.

  • This module continues the discussion on the Second Law of Thermodynamics, emphasizing available energy and its applications. Key topics include:

    1. Understanding available energy and its calculation.
    2. Applications of the Second Law in energy systems.
    3. Case studies demonstrating efficiency and sustainability.

    By the end of this module, students will be able to assess the efficiency of energy systems and understand the role of available energy in thermodynamic processes.

  • In this module, we delve deeper into the Second Law of Thermodynamics and its various corollaries. The Second Law is crucial for understanding energy transformations and efficiency in thermodynamic systems. We will cover:

    • The implications of the Second Law in real-world applications
    • How it contrasts with the First Law of Thermodynamics
    • Key concepts such as entropy and its significance in thermodynamic processes

    By the end of this module, students will gain a profound understanding of the Second Law's principles and their applications in engineering and science.

  • This module continues our exploration of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, focusing on the various corollaries that enhance our understanding of energy systems. Key points include:

    • Understanding the implications of different energy transformations
    • Detailed discussions on reversible and irreversible processes
    • Applications of these principles in real-world scenarios

    Students will learn to apply these concepts to analyze energy systems critically, preparing them for advanced topics in thermodynamics.

  • In this module, we will complete our examination of the Second Law of Thermodynamics by exploring its final corollary. Important discussions will include:

    • The role of entropy in energy conversion
    • Understanding the conditions for maximum efficiency
    • Practical implications for thermal systems and engines

    Students will be equipped with the knowledge to apply these concepts effectively in both academic and practical settings.

  • This module introduces students to the concept of available energy as articulated by the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Topics covered will include:

    • The definition and significance of available energy
    • Methods to calculate available energy in various systems
    • Real-world applications and implications for energy efficiency

    By the end of this module, students will understand how to evaluate and optimize energy use in thermodynamic systems.

  • This module continues the discussion on available energy, expanding on its applications in different thermodynamic systems. Key points include:

    • Evaluating available energy in various processes
    • Understanding the limitations of energy availability
    • Case studies showcasing practical applications

    Through this module, students will gain insight into how to apply these concepts in engineering and scientific research.

  • In this final module regarding available energy, we will consolidate the lessons learned and explore advanced topics. Discussions will include:

    • Advanced calculations for complex systems
    • Integrating available energy concepts with other thermodynamic principles
    • Future directions in energy research and technology

    This comprehensive overview will prepare students for future studies and careers in thermodynamics and related fields.

  • This module introduces thermodynamic property relations, which are essential for understanding the behavior of various thermodynamic systems. The focus is on:

    • The definition and significance of thermodynamic properties.
    • How to derive relationships among different properties, including pressure, temperature, and volume.
    • Real-world applications of property relations in engineering and scientific research.

    Students will engage with practical examples and problem-solving techniques to master the concepts presented.

  • This module covers the Joule-Kelvin expansion, an important process in thermodynamics that demonstrates the cooling effect when a gas expands. Key points include:

    • The underlying principles of Joule-Kelvin expansion.
    • How this phenomenon relates to the properties of pure substances.
    • Applications of Joule-Kelvin expansion in refrigeration and gas liquefaction.

    Students will explore theoretical and practical aspects, enhancing their understanding of gas behavior during expansion.

  • This module delves into the properties of pure substances, emphasizing the importance of understanding their behavior in various thermodynamic processes. The content includes:

    • Classifications of pure substances and their phases.
    • Phase diagrams and their significance in thermodynamics.
    • Real-life applications involving pure substances in engineering systems.

    Students will engage with interactive examples and case studies to solidify their knowledge of pure substance properties.

  • This module focuses on the properties of ideal gases, exploring their behavior under various conditions. Topics covered include:

    • The ideal gas law and its derivation.
    • Real versus ideal gases, including deviations from ideal behavior.
    • Applications of ideal gas properties in engineering and real-world scenarios.

    Students will learn to apply the ideal gas law to solve practical problems and understand its limitations.

  • This module examines the properties of pure substances in greater detail, reinforcing concepts learned in previous modules. Key areas of focus include:

    • Detailed analysis of phase changes and thermodynamic cycles.
    • Calculation of thermodynamic properties using tables and equations of state.
    • Practical applications of these properties in industrial processes.

    Through hands-on exercises and theoretical discussions, students will gain a comprehensive understanding of pure substance behavior in thermodynamic contexts.

  • This module provides an in-depth study of vapor power cycles, which are crucial for understanding energy conversion processes. Topics include:

    • The working principles of various vapor cycles, such as Rankine and refrigeration cycles.
    • The thermodynamic efficiency of different cycles and how to optimize them.
    • Applications of vapor power cycles in power generation and HVAC systems.

    Students will analyze real-world scenarios and learn how to apply theoretical knowledge to improve system performance.

  • This module delves into the properties of ideal gases, focusing on their behavior under various conditions. Students will learn about:

    • The ideal gas law and its applications
    • Real gas deviations from ideal behavior
    • Thermodynamic principles governing ideal gases
    • Applications in engineering and scientific calculations

    By the end of this module, learners will be equipped to analyze gas behavior in different scenarios, ensuring a solid understanding of fundamental thermodynamic concepts.

  • This module covers the fundamentals of the vapor power cycle, introducing students to its key concepts and operational principles. Topics include:

    1. Introduction to vapor power cycles and their significance
    2. Components of the vapor power cycle
    3. Efficiency calculations and performance analysis
    4. Applications of vapor power cycles in real-world scenarios

    Students will gain insights into how vapor power cycles operate and their implications in engineering, paving the way for advanced studies in thermodynamics.

  • This module continues the exploration of vapor power cycles, focusing on advanced concepts and intricate details. Key areas of study include:

    • Detailed analysis of cycle components
    • Thermodynamic cycles involving phase changes
    • Methods to improve cycle efficiency
    • Case studies of vapor power cycle applications

    By the end of this module, students will be adept at evaluating and applying vapor cycle principles in various engineering contexts.

  • This module further examines the vapor power cycle, emphasizing its operational efficiency and practical applications. Key learning points include:

    1. Understanding the Rankine cycle and its components
    2. Evaluating the thermal efficiency of vapor cycles
    3. Identifying real-world applications and their impacts
    4. Exploring alternative cycle configurations

    Students will leave this module with a solid grasp of how to optimize vapor power cycles for various applications, enhancing their engineering skills.

  • This module introduces the gas power cycle, exploring its significance and applications in thermodynamics. Key topics covered include:

    • An overview of gas power cycles and their importance
    • Theoretical foundations of the Brayton cycle
    • Real-world applications of gas turbines
    • Efficiency challenges and improvements

    Students will gain a comprehensive understanding of gas power cycles, which are pivotal in modern energy systems.

  • Lec-24 Gas Power Cycle-I
    Prof. S.K. Som

    This module delves deeper into gas power cycles, emphasizing advanced concepts and optimization techniques. Key focus areas include:

    1. In-depth analysis of Brayton cycle components
    2. Thermal efficiency calculations and performance metrics
    3. Applications in aviation and power generation
    4. Strategies for enhancing cycle performance

    By the end of this module, students will be well-versed in gas power cycle dynamics, enabling them to apply these concepts in various engineering situations.

  • Lec-25 Gas Power Cycle-II
    Prof. S.K. Som

    This module delves into the Gas Power Cycle, focusing on its principles, applications, and performance metrics. Students will learn about the various thermodynamic processes involved, including:

    • Understanding the components of the gas power cycle
    • Exploring the efficiency and work output
    • Analyzing real-world applications in engineering

    Students will engage in problem-solving exercises to reinforce their understanding of the cycle's efficiency and thermodynamic analysis, preparing them for practical applications in energy systems.

  • This module continues the exploration of the Gas Power Cycle, emphasizing advanced concepts and performance evaluations. Students will engage in:

    • Detailed analysis of the thermodynamic processes
    • Comparative studies of different gas cycles
    • Optimization strategies for enhancing cycle performance

    Discussions will include practical case studies and simulations to provide an in-depth understanding of gas power cycles in real-world scenarios.

  • This module introduces the Thermodynamics of Reacting Systems, laying the groundwork for understanding chemical reactions in thermodynamic contexts. Key topics include:

    • Fundamental concepts of reaction thermodynamics
    • Energy changes during reactions
    • Equilibrium and kinetic considerations

    Students will learn to calculate reaction enthalpies and understand the implications of thermodynamic laws in predicting reaction behavior.

  • Continuing from the previous module, this section further investigates the Thermodynamics of Reacting Systems, with an emphasis on reaction dynamics and mechanisms. The content will cover:

    • Detailed studies of reaction pathways
    • Thermodynamic functions and their roles in reactions
    • Practical applications in industrial processes

    Students will engage in laboratory simulations and case studies to apply theoretical knowledge to real-world chemical systems.

  • This final module on the Thermodynamics of Reacting Systems examines complex reactions and multi-step processes. Students will explore:

    • The role of catalysts and their thermodynamic implications
    • Thermodynamic analysis of multi-step reactions
    • Real-world applications in chemical engineering

    The module will culminate in projects where students will apply their knowledge to design and analyze reactions relevant to engineering challenges.

  • This module introduces the Thermodynamics of Multi-Component Systems, providing insights into the behavior of mixtures. Key topics include:

    • Understanding phase equilibria and properties of mixtures
    • Application of the Gibbs phase rule
    • Calculating and predicting thermodynamic properties of mixtures

    Students will engage in practical exercises to understand real-world applications in fields like chemical engineering and materials science.

  • This module delves into the thermodynamics of multi-component systems, building on the fundamental concepts introduced earlier in the course. Students will explore:

    • Theoretical frameworks for understanding multi-component interactions.
    • Phase equilibria in mixtures and the role of chemical potential.
    • Application of the Gibbs phase rule to predict system behavior.
    • Real-world applications of multi-component systems in engineering and science.

    By the end of this module, students will gain a comprehensive understanding of how different substances interact thermodynamically, which is crucial for advanced studies in thermodynamics and its applications in various fields.

  • This module continues the exploration of multi-component systems, emphasizing advanced thermodynamic principles and their implications. Key topics include:

    • In-depth analysis of the properties of mixtures.
    • Thermodynamic functions and their applications in multi-component systems.
    • Understanding the effects of temperature and pressure on system behavior.
    • Case studies showcasing real-world applications in chemical engineering and materials science.

    Students will engage in problem-solving exercises that reinforce their understanding of complex thermodynamic systems, preparing them for practical challenges in their future careers.