Course

Mathematics - Statistical Inference

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

This comprehensive course on Statistical Inference covers essential topics in mathematical statistics, structured as follows:

  • Point Estimation:
    • Parametric point estimation
    • Unbiasedness
    • Consistency
    • Efficiency
    • Methods: Moments and Maximum Likelihood
    • Lower bounds for estimator variance
    • Key inequalities such as Frechet-Rao-Cramer, Bhattacharya, and Chapman-Robbins-Kiefer
  • Sufficiency:
    • Minimal sufficiency
    • Factorization Theorem
    • Rao-Blackwell Theorem
    • Completeness
    • Lehmann-Scheffe Theorem
    • UMVUE and Basu’s Theorem
    • Best equivariant estimators
  • Testing of Hypotheses:
    • Simple and composite hypotheses
    • Types of error
    • Neyman-Pearson Lemma
    • UMP tests and applications
    • Likelihood ratio tests
    • Chi-square tests
    • Wald’s sequential probability ratio test
  • Interval Estimation:
    • Methods for finding confidence intervals
    • Shortest length confidence intervals

Join us to enhance your understanding of statistical inference through theoretical frameworks and practical applications.

Course Lectures
  • This module serves as an introduction to the course on Statistical Inference. It outlines the significance of statistical inference in various fields, emphasizing its role in decision-making based on data. Students will explore the fundamental concepts that underpin point estimation and hypothesis testing.

    Key topics include:

    • Overview of statistical inference
    • Importance of estimation and hypothesis testing
    • Applications of statistical inference in real-world scenarios
  • This module focuses on the basic concepts of point estimation, introducing students to the different methods used in estimating parameters. Students will learn about:

    • Parametric point estimation methods
    • Unbiasedness and consistency of estimators
    • Method of moments and maximum likelihood estimation

    Understanding these concepts is essential for effectively applying statistics in various contexts.

  • This module continues the exploration of point estimation, delving deeper into the properties and applications of estimators. Topics include:

    • Efficiency of estimators
    • Lower bounds for the variance of an estimator
    • The Cramer-Rao lower bound

    Students will gain insights into how to evaluate estimators and their performance in statistical analysis.

  • This module covers the methodologies for finding estimators. Students will learn various techniques including:

    • Finding estimators through sample statistics
    • Exploring the method of moments
    • Understanding maximum likelihood estimation processes

    The focus is on practical applications and examples to illustrate these techniques.

  • This module continues the discussion on finding estimators, emphasizing advanced techniques and scenarios. Topics include:

    • Maximum likelihood estimation in complex cases
    • Evaluation of different estimator methods
    • Real-world applications of estimation techniques

    Students will engage in case studies to solidify their understanding.

  • This module further explores the finding of estimators, with specific attention to various statistical distributions. Key areas covered include:

    • Finding estimators for specific distributions
    • Utilizing sample moments
    • Application of likelihood functions

    Students will conduct practical exercises to apply these concepts effectively.

  • This module covers the properties of Maximum Likelihood Estimators (MLEs). Students will explore:

    • Consistency and asymptotic normality of MLEs
    • Information matrix and its implications
    • Comparative analysis with other estimation methods

    These properties are crucial for understanding the reliability of MLEs in real-world applications.

  • This module introduces the concept of lower bounds for the variance of estimators. Key topics include:

    • Theoretical foundations of variance bounds
    • Application of the Cramer-Rao inequality
    • Importance of variance in statistical inference

    Students will work through examples to understand the implications of variance in estimation.

  • This module continues the discussion on lower bounds for variance, introducing additional inequalities relevant in statistics, including:

    • Bhattacharya and Chapman-Robbins-Kiefer inequalities
    • Comparative analysis of these bounds
    • Practical examples and applications

    Students will see how these inequalities play a role in statistical inference.

  • This module further examines lower bounds for variance, with a focus on advanced topics such as:

    • Advanced applications of the Cramer-Rao inequality
    • Implications for different statistical models
    • Real-world case studies

    Students will engage with complex problems that demonstrate these concepts in action.

  • This module concludes the focus on lower bounds for variance, emphasizing:

    • The historical development of variance theory
    • Modern applications in statistical research
    • Discussion of future directions in variance studies

    Students will reflect on the journey through variance theory and its implications for statistical inference.

  • Mod-12 Lec-12 Sufficiency
    Prof. Somesh Kumar

    This module introduces the concept of sufficiency in statistics. Students will learn about:

    • Definition and importance of sufficient statistics
    • The Factorization Theorem
    • Real-world examples illustrating sufficiency

    Understanding sufficiency is crucial for statistical modeling and inference.

  • This module delves into the relationship between sufficiency and information in statistics. Key topics include:

    • Understanding the role of information in statistical inference
    • Connections between sufficiency and Fisher information
    • Applications in parameter estimation

    This knowledge will aid in comprehending complex inference problems.

  • This module covers minimal sufficiency and completeness in statistics. Students will engage with topics such as:

    • Definitions of minimal sufficiency and completeness
    • Applications of these concepts in statistical inference
    • Exploring the Lehmann-Scheffé Theorem

    These concepts are pivotal for advanced statistical reasoning.

  • This module introduces UMVUE (Uniformly Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimator) and ancillarity concepts. Key areas include:

    • Understanding UMVUE and its significance
    • Exploring the concept of ancillary statistics
    • Applications in estimation problems

    Students will learn how these concepts enhance estimation techniques.

  • Mod-16 Lec-16 Invariance - I
    Prof. Somesh Kumar

    This module concludes the discussion on invariance. Students will explore key topics such as:

    • Invariance principles in statistical estimation
    • The role of invariance in statistical modeling
    • Real-world applications of invariance concepts

    Understanding invariance is crucial for developing robust statistical models.

  • Mod-17 Lec-17 Invariance - II
    Prof. Somesh Kumar

    This module delves into the concept of invariance in statistical inference. Invariance refers to the idea that certain statistical properties remain unchanged under transformations of the parameter space. Key topics include:

    • Understanding invariance principles in statistical estimation.
    • Application of the invariance property to derive estimators.
    • Discussion of equivariant estimators and their significance.

    Students will engage with practical examples and case studies to solidify their understanding of how invariance affects statistical methodology.

  • This module introduces Bayes and minimax estimation, focusing on the principles of Bayesian inference. Topics covered include:

    • The foundations of Bayes' theorem and its applications in estimation.
    • Minimax estimation techniques and their relevance in statistical decision theory.
    • Comparison of Bayesian and frequentist approaches to inference.

    Through examples and exercises, students will learn to apply Bayes and minimax methods to practical problems, deepening their understanding of decision-making under uncertainty.

  • This module continues the exploration of Bayes and minimax estimation, focusing on advanced concepts. Key discussions include:

    • Hierarchical Bayesian models and their applications.
    • Minimax decision rules and risk assessment.
    • Comparing Bayes and minimax estimators in various scenarios.

    Students will engage in case studies to apply these advanced concepts to real-world statistical problems, enhancing their analytical skills.

  • This module wraps up the series on Bayes and minimax estimation by focusing on practical applications and implications. Topics include:

    • Real-world examples of Bayes and minimax estimation.
    • Strategies for implementing Bayesian methods in various fields.
    • Assessing the impact of prior distributions on estimations.

    Students will work on projects that apply these techniques in practical scenarios, reinforcing their understanding of the theory and practice of statistical inference.

  • This module covers the basic concepts of hypothesis testing, a fundamental aspect of statistical inference. Key components include:

    • Understanding the framework of hypothesis testing.
    • Distinguishing between simple and composite hypotheses.
    • Types of errors in hypothesis testing, including Type I and Type II errors.

    Students will explore various examples to illustrate these concepts, preparing them for more advanced topics in hypothesis testing.

  • This module provides an in-depth look at the Neyman-Pearson fundamental lemma, a cornerstone of hypothesis testing theory. Topics include:

    • The statement and significance of the Neyman-Pearson lemma.
    • Application of the lemma to derive the most powerful tests.
    • Understanding the likelihood ratio and its role in hypothesis testing.

    Students will engage in problem-solving exercises to apply these concepts, fostering a deeper comprehension of their implications in statistical decision-making.

  • This module explores the applications of the Neyman-Pearson lemma in various statistical scenarios. Key areas covered include:

    • Case studies illustrating the application of the lemma.
    • Comparative analysis of different testing strategies.
    • Evaluation of test performance based on the Neyman-Pearson framework.

    Students will gain practical insights into how the lemma is utilized in real-world situations, enhancing their analytical skills in hypothesis testing.

  • Mod-24 Lec-24 UMP Tests
    Prof. Somesh Kumar

    This module introduces Uniformly Most Powerful (UMP) tests, providing a comprehensive understanding of their significance in hypothesis testing. Key topics include:

    • Definition and properties of UMP tests.
    • Conditions under which UMP tests exist.
    • Examples of UMP tests in various statistical applications.

    Students will analyze the utility of UMP tests and their implications for statistical inference, preparing them for more complex testing methods.

  • This module continues the discussion on UMP tests, focusing on advanced concepts and their applications. Key areas of focus include:

    • Detailed derivations of UMP tests for specific distributions.
    • Challenges and limitations of UMP tests.
    • Comparative effectiveness of UMP tests against other testing methods.

    Through case studies and examples, students will deepen their understanding of UMP tests and their practical implications in statistical analysis.

  • This module focuses on UMP unbiased tests, highlighting their importance in statistical hypothesis testing. Key topics include:

    • Definition and significance of UMP unbiased tests.
    • Conditions for the existence of UMP unbiased tests.
    • Examples showcasing the application of UMP unbiased tests.

    Students will work through various examples to understand the practical applications of these tests in real-world scenarios.

  • This module continues the exploration of UMP unbiased tests, with a focus on advanced applications. Students will learn about:

    • Complex examples of UMP unbiased tests in various distributions.
    • Limitations and challenges faced when applying these tests.
    • Comparative analysis with other types of tests.

    By the end of this module, students will be equipped with a solid understanding of how to effectively employ UMP unbiased tests in statistical practice.

  • This module covers the applications of UMP unbiased tests, focusing on their use in real-world statistical problems. Key topics include:

    • Case studies demonstrating the effectiveness of UMP unbiased tests.
    • Strategies for implementing these tests in various fields.
    • Evaluation of results obtained through UMP unbiased tests.

    Students will engage in practical exercises to reinforce their learning and apply UMP unbiased tests to real scenarios.

  • This module introduces unbiased tests for normal populations, focusing on the specific challenges and methodologies involved. Topics covered include:

    • Defining unbiased tests and their importance in normal populations.
    • Analyzing examples of unbiased tests specifically tailored for normal distributions.
    • Understanding the implications of unbiasedness in hypothesis testing.

    Students will work through examples that illustrate the application of these tests in various normal population scenarios.

  • This module continues the study of unbiased tests for normal populations, emphasizing advanced applications and complexities. Key discussions include:

    • Advanced examples of unbiased tests for normal populations.
    • Limitations faced when applying these tests in practice.
    • Comparative analysis with biased tests and their effectiveness.

    Students will analyze real-world scenarios where these tests are applicable, enhancing their understanding of unbiasedness in statistical inference.

  • This module focuses on likelihood ratio tests, introducing their fundamental principles and applications in hypothesis testing. Key topics include:

    • The definition and significance of likelihood ratio tests.
    • Applications of likelihood ratio tests in one-sample and two-sample problems.
    • Comparative analysis with other testing methods.

    Students will engage with practical examples to understand how likelihood ratio tests can be effectively utilized in various scenarios.

  • This module continues the exploration of likelihood ratio tests, focusing on advanced applications and methodologies. Key discussions include:

    • Complex examples of likelihood ratio tests in diverse scenarios.
    • Limitations and challenges encountered when conducting these tests.
    • Best practices for implementing likelihood ratio tests in research.

    Students will analyze case studies and engage in practical exercises to solidify their understanding of likelihood ratio tests' applications.

  • This module delves into the advanced concepts of Likelihood Ratio Tests, focusing on their applications in statistical inference. Key topics include:

    • Understanding the fundamental principles of likelihood ratios
    • Exploring the derivation and justification of likelihood ratio tests
    • Analyzing one-sample and two-sample problems using likelihood ratios
    • Discussing the implications of monotonic likelihood ratios
    • Examining practical examples to solidify theoretical understanding

    By the end of this module, students will have a comprehensive grasp of how to apply likelihood ratio tests effectively in various statistical scenarios.

  • Continuing from the previous module, this lesson further explores the intricacies of Likelihood Ratio Tests. Key areas of focus include:

    • In-depth analysis of complex hypothesis testing scenarios
    • Advanced applications of likelihood ratios in real-world data
    • Comparative studies of different testing methodologies
    • Review of case studies showcasing the effectiveness of likelihood ratio tests
    • Discussion of limitations and considerations in implementation

    This module aims to enhance the student's ability to apply likelihood ratio tests in various statistical investigations.

  • Mod-35 Lec-35 Invariant Tests
    Prof. Somesh Kumar

    This module introduces Invariant Tests, where students will learn about the significance of invariance in hypothesis testing. Topics include:

    • The role of invariance in statistical methods
    • Construction of invariant tests for various hypotheses
    • Applications of invariant tests in real-world scenarios
    • Comparison of invariant tests with other testing methods
    • Practical exercises to reinforce theoretical concepts

    Students will gain insights into how invariant tests can streamline analysis and improve decision-making in statistical practices.

  • This module focuses on the Test for Goodness of Fit, essential for assessing how well data fits a specified distribution. Key components include:

    • Introduction to goodness of fit tests and their importance
    • Different types of goodness of fit tests like Chi-square tests
    • Understanding the assumptions behind these tests
    • Applications in various fields such as quality control and social sciences
    • Hands-on examples to apply goodness of fit tests to real datasets

    This module equips students with the knowledge to evaluate data fit and make informed conclusions based on their analyses.

  • The Sequential Procedure module introduces sequential analysis and its applications in hypothesis testing. Key topics covered include:

    • Basics of sequential analysis and its historical context
    • Wald’s Sequential Probability Ratio Test and its significance
    • Applications in clinical trials and quality control
    • Benefits and drawbacks of using sequential methods
    • Interactive case studies showcasing sequential procedures in action

    Students will learn to implement sequential tests effectively in various practical situations, enhancing their analytical skills.

  • This module continues the exploration of Sequential Procedures, providing deeper insights into advanced concepts and methodologies. Topics include:

    • Continuing from initial sequential methods to more complex procedures
    • Advanced applications in various research areas
    • Discussion on the implications of sequential testing
    • Review of real-world examples and their outcomes
    • Focus on decision-making processes based on sequential analysis

    Students will gain the skills to apply complex sequential testing methods in their research and professional practices.

  • This module covers the essential techniques for Confidence Intervals, focusing on methods to estimate population parameters accurately. Key areas include:

    • Understanding the concept of confidence intervals and their construction
    • Different methods for calculating confidence intervals
    • Shortest length confidence intervals for efficiency
    • Applications in various fields to support data-driven decisions
    • Hands-on practice with real data to calculate and interpret confidence intervals

    By the end of this module, students will be equipped to create and utilize confidence intervals in their analyses effectively.

  • This module continues the discussion on Confidence Intervals, emphasizing advanced topics and practical applications. Key components include:

    • Refinement of confidence interval methods for complex data
    • Comparison of different types of confidence intervals
    • Real-world scenarios where confidence intervals are critical
    • Discussion on the impact of sample size on confidence intervals
    • Interactive session to practice calculations and interpretations

    Students will deepen their understanding of confidence intervals and learn to apply these concepts to real-world data analysis.