Review of B cells, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells.
Introduction to evolution, variation in a population and natural selection.
The argument that evolution speaks to being the most "intelligent design".
Clarifying some points on evolution and intelligent design.
How the "Owl Butterfly" may have gotten the spot on its wings.
How variation can be introduced into a species.
The vocabulary of DNA: chromosomes, chromatids, chromatin, transcription, translation, and replication.
Mitosis, meiosis and sexual reproduction. Understanding gametes, zygotes, and haploid / diploid numbers.
An overview of early development of a zygote to an embryo. Embryonic and somatic stem cells.
Heredity and Classical Genetics. Dominant and recessive traits. Heterozygous and homozygous genotypes.
Dihybrid crosses. Independent assortment. Incomplete dominance. Codominance and multiple alleles.
Understanding allele and genotype frequency in population in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.
Introduction to ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate.
Introduction to cellular respiration, glycolysis, the Kreb's Cycle, and the electron transport chain.
Taking a looking at oxidation and reduction in a biological context.
Oxidation and reduction in cellular respiration. Reconciling the biology and chemistry definitions of oxidation and reduction.
Oxidative Phosphorylation and Chemiosmosis (along with slight correction of previous video).
Details on the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
More detail on the light reactions and photophorylation.
The Calvin Cycle or the light-independent (dark) reactions of photosythesis.
C-4 Photosynthesis: How some plants avoid photorespiration.
How CAM Plants are able to fix carbon at night so they don't have to keep their stomata open during the day.
Parts of a cell: nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuoles, and vesicles.
The pulmonary system including the lungs, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and thoracic diaphragm.
Oxygen uptake by hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Introduction to the circulatory system and the heart.
How a sodium potassium pump can maintain a voltage gradient across a cell or neuron's membrane.
How electrotonic and action potentials propagate down cells.
How one neuron can stimulate (or inhibit) another neuron at a chemical synapse.
Tropomyosin and troponin and their role in regulating muscle contraction. How calcium ion concentration dictates whether a muscle is contracting or not.
The role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in controlling calcium ion concentrations within the muscle cell.
Role of phagocytes in innate or nonspecific immunity. Neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells. MHC II.
Overview of types of immune responses. Difference between innate and adaptive immunity. Differences between humoral adaptive immunity and cell-mediated adaptive immunity.
Overview of B cells (B lymphocytes) and how they are activated and produce antibodies.
How professional antigen presenting cells present parts of engulfed pathogens on MHC II complexes (major histocompatibility complexes).
Introduction to helper T cells and their role in activating B cells.
How cytotoxic T cells get activated by MHC-I/antigen complexes and then proceed to kill infected cells.
Review of B cells, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells.
Overview of how the nephrons in the kidney filter blood and reabsorb water and other molecules.
Secondary Active Transport in the Nephron.
An introduction to what cancer is and how it is the by-product of broken DNA replication.